与印第安人的关系在这段时间里，印第安人一直偷偷地隐藏在他们周围，有时候在远处现身，但当有任何人接近他们的时候，他们就会马上逃走。有一次他们工作以后去吃饭的时候，印第安人偷走了他们的工具。但是在3月16日左右，一个印第安人大胆地走到他们中间，并且用断断续续的英语和他们交谈，他们能清楚地明白他的意思，但是对此感到极其惊讶。最后他们通过和他的交谈知道了他不属于这些部落，而是属于东部的部落，有些英国船只到那里去打渔，他就认识了那些英国人，并且还能说出其中几个人的名字来，他就是向那些人学会英语的。他对他们很有帮助，向他们介绍了很多关于他居住的东部部落的情况，后来他们发现这非常有用。他也向他们介绍了这里的印第安人的情况，他们的姓名、人数和力量，还有他们的生活情况、与这个地方相隔的距离，以及谁是那些印第安人中的首领。这个印第安人的名字叫萨莫赛特。他也告诉他们还有一个住在这个地方的印第安人叫做斯库安多，曾经去过英国，英语说得比他要好。他们和他在一起高兴地聊了一段时间，又送了他一些礼物。过了一会儿他又来了，带来了五个人，他们带来了以前偷走的所有工具，并且为他们的大首领玛萨索伊特的到来做好了准备。玛萨索伊特四五天之后带着他的友邦的首领和其他随从，和前面说过的斯库安多一起来了。经过友好的交谈和赠送礼物，他们与他达成了一个和平协议（到现在已经持续了24年），协议约定如下：1. 他和他部落中的印第安人都不能伤害任何一个英国人。2. 如果他部落中的某个印第安人确实伤害了任何一个英国人，他应该把那个印第安人送来接受英国人的惩罚。3. 如果有任何东西被从英国人那里拿走，他应该保证物归原主；英国人也应该同样对他。4. 如果任何人不公正地与他作战，英国人应该帮助他；如果有人与英国人作战，他也应该帮助他们。5. 他应该向与他相邻的印第安部落发出同盟协定，使他们保证不会不公正地对待英国人，而且同样地在和平协议的基础上达成一致。6. 当印第安人来到英国人的地方时，他们应该把弓和箭留在别处。这些事情都处理好以后，玛萨索伊特回到了他居住的叫做索瓦姆斯的地方，那里离这个地方大约40英里远，但是斯库安多却继续留下来和英国人在一起，做了他们的翻译，他是上帝为了眷顾他们而送来的一个特别的馈赠，他的到来令他们喜出望外。他教会他们怎样播种谷物，到哪里去捕鱼和获得其他商品，也是帮助他们到未知的地区去谋求福利的领航员。他一直到死都没有离开他们。  [返回目录]  
问题指南
文学和生活读者反应 如果你也参加了“五月花”号的航行，你会做些什么不同的事情来为在美洲的生活更好地做准备？主题焦点 这篇记叙使你对朝圣者们的印象发生了什么改变？阅读理解1． 朝圣者们在穿越大西洋的旅行中经受了哪些磨难？2． 他们在普利茅斯的第一个冬天里遇到了哪些困难？3． （a）萨莫赛特用哪些方法帮助了朝圣者们？（b）斯库安多为他们做了哪些事情？思考解释1. 你认为朝圣者们对在普利茅斯的第一个冬天里遇到的困难的反应有哪些特点？（归类）2. 找出两处叙述，其中表现了朝圣者们相信他们一直受到上帝的指引和保护。（分析）应用3. 你认为定居者们和美洲土著人态度的改变反映了典型的与外来者相遇时的经验吗？为什么？（综合）文学聚焦叙述文这里所选文章是叙述文，讲述真实生活中经历的故事。它们也都是第一手的历史叙述文，是亲身经历事件的人们记录下来的重大事件。第一手的记录能抓住时代的特色，描述亲身参与事件的感觉。然而，其中的信息并不总是准确的，因为作者经常试图说服或取悦自己的读者。1． 在文中找到两个例子表现史密斯在复述事件时的夸张或主观。2． （a）你认为史密斯写这篇叙述文的目的是什么? （b）布拉德福特的目的和他有什么不同？  [返回目录]  
作品累积
点子库写作1. 纪念演讲 作为一名詹姆士镇的定居者，你被邀请在纪念约翰·史密斯的典礼上讲话。写一篇演说辞，描述史密斯的探险经历和他取得的成就。2. 戏剧场面 写一个戏剧场面，表现萨莫赛特与普利茅斯的定居者们第一次相见时的情景，其中包含对话和舞台说明。（表演艺术连线）3. 新闻写作 普卡洪塔斯嫁给了一名詹姆士镇的定居者并到英国旅行。你作为一名《伦敦时报》的记者，对她的生平进行调查。写一篇新闻报道她在英国的旅行。项目1. 广告 制作一份宣传在普利茅斯农场生活的招贴广告。鼓励其他人来到美洲加入朝圣者们的行列。2. 菜单 由于食物中缺乏维生素C，很多朝圣者得了坏血病。了解殖民者们吃的食物和他们种植的谷物，然后根据历史条件为一个早期殖民者的一天制定菜单。（健康连线）微型写作课记叙文之间的比较这两篇叙述文会使读者产生一个印象：史密斯和布拉德福特是两个对生活有着截然不同看法的人。写一篇文章将这两篇第一手的记叙文做一比较。写作技巧重点：清楚的组织结构当你进行比较和对比时，使用清楚的组织结构———这能帮助你确定你的比较对象之间的相似点和不同点。两种比较和对比的基本组织结构是采用逐点比较和逐个比较：在逐点比较的组织结构中，按顺序讨论你的对象的每个方面。例如，讨论史密斯语气中的一个方面，然后马上将其与布拉德福特语气中的一个方面相对比。在逐个比较的组织结构中，讨论一个对象的所有特征———例如，史密斯的记叙文的语气和内容———然后再讨论另一个对象的所有特征。构思重读这两篇记叙文，注意每位作者的风格、目的和客观性。为收集和组织细节，你可以使用如下的结构图：布拉德福特和史密斯写稿将每一段集中于一个作家或一个比较点。为了连接各段并使各点之间的关系保持清楚，使用诸如：similarly, also, equally, in contrast, but, although, however, instead, on the other hand等过渡词语。修改修改你的文章，重组信息，使组织结构更清晰，同时在适宜的地方加入细节以加强你的论证。  [返回目录] &
Guide for Interpreting
John Smith(1580-1631)If John Smith were alive today,he’d be starring opposite Arnold Schwarzeneg－ger in blockbuster adventure films-at least, that’s probably where he’d see him－self. Adventurer, poet, mapmaker, and egotist are just a few of the labels that ap－ply to Smith, who earned a reputation as one of England’s most famous explorers by helping to lead the first successful English colony in America. Stories of his adventures, often embellished by his own pen, fascinated readers of his day and continue to provide details about early exploration of the Americas.Following a ten-year career as a soldier, Smith led a group of colonists to this continent, where they landed in Virginia in 1607 and founded Jamestown. As president of the colony from 1608 to 1609, Smith helped to obtain food, enforce discipline, and deal with the local Native Americans. Though Smith returned to England in 1609, he made two more voyages to America to explore the New Eng－land coast. He published several works in the course of his life, including The GeneraI History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles (1624).William Bradford(1590-1657)Survival in North America was a matter of endurance, intelligence, and courage. WilliamBradford had all three. Thirteen years after the founding of Jamestown, Bradford helped lead the Pilgrims to what is now Massachusetts.Bradford, who was born in Yorkshire, England, joined a group of Puritan extremists who believed the Church of England was corrupt and wished to sepa－rate from it. In the face of stiff persecution, they eventually fled to Holland and from there sailed to North America.After the death of the colony’s first leader, the Pilgrims elected William Bradford governor. He was reelected thirty times. During his tenure, he organized the repayment of debts to financial backers, encouraged new immigration, and es－tablished good relations with the Native Americans, without whose help the colony never would hāve survived.In 1630, Bradford began writing Of Plymouth Plantation, a firsthand account of the Pilgrims’ struggle to endure, sustained only by courage and unbending faith. The work, written in the simple language known as Puritan Plain Style, was not published until 1856.  [返回目录]   电子书 分享网站
Background for Understanding
HISTORY: THE COLONIAL EXPERIENCEThe trading company that financed the Jamestown expedition mistakenly be－lieved that there was much money to be made in North America. John Smith was nearly sent to prison for not meeting his backers’ financial expectations. It is not surprising, then, that Smith sometimes exaggerated the exploits of the settlers as they struggled to survive in the new land.The Jamestown settlers weren’t the only ones struggling. In 1620, after a difficult voyage aboard the tiny Mayflower, the Pilgrims landed not in Virginia, as intended, but much farther north near Cape Cod, Massachusetts. It was mid-De－cember before they could build shelters and move ashore. During those dreary weeks of waiting on the ship, William Bradford’s wife, Dorothy, fell overboard and was drowned. Once ashore, the Pilgrims found the hardships of settling in a strange land worsened by a harsh winter and disputes over the validity of their charter, which had been for Virginia. The conflict led the settlers to create the “Mayflower Compact”，the first agreement for self-government made by the colonists and a model for later settlements.  [返回目录]  书包 网 想看书来
Literature and your Life
CONNECT YOUR EXPERIENCEYou can probably remember a point in your life when everything seemed to be going against you. Consider what the early American colonists faced: starva－tion, exhaustion, illness, and the terror of the unknown. As the narratives show, determination pushed them on.Journal Writing Write down your thoughts about what you imagine it was like to be an early settler.THEMATIC FOCUS: MEETING OF CULTURESThe settlers faced many terrible risks for a chance at a new life. Would they hāve survived without the help of the Native Americans?  [返回目录]  
Literary Focus
NARRATIVE ACCOUNTSNarrative accounts tell the story of real-life events. The selections that fol－low are historical narratives, narrative accounts that record significant historical events. Some historical narratives, including these, are firsthand accounts by people who lived through the events. Others are secondhand, or secondary, ac－counts by people who researched, but did not live through, the events. As you read, keep in mind that firsthand accounts are sometimes subjective because of the writer’s personal involvement in the events.  [返回目录]  
The General H1story of V1rglnla(1)
John SmithWhat Happened T1ll the F1rst SupplyBeing thus left to our fortunes, it fortuned that within ten days, scarce ten a－mongst us could either go or well stand, such extreme weakness and sickness op－pressed us. And thereat none need marvel if they consider the cause and reason, which was this: While the ships stayed, our allowance was somewbat bettered by a daily proportion of biscuit which the sailors would pilfer to sell. give. or ex－change with us for money, sassafras. or furs. But when they departed, there re－mained neither tāvern, beer house, nor place of relief but the common kettle. Had we been as free from all sins as gluttony and drunkenness we might hāve been canonized for saints, but our President would never hāve been admitted for en－grossing to his private. oatmeal, sack, oil, aqua vitae, beef, eggs, or what not but the kettle; that indeed he allowed equally to be distributed, and that was half a pint of wheat and as much barley boiled with water for a man a day, and this, hāving fried some twenty?鄄six weeks in the ship’s hold, contained as many worms as grains so that we might truly call it rather so much bran than corn; our drink was water, our lodgings castles in the air.With this lodging and diet, our extreme toil in bearing and planting pal－isades so strained and bruised us and our continual labor in the extremity of the heat had so weakened us. as were causc sufficient to hāve made us as miserable in our native country or any other place in the world.From May to September, those that escaped lived upon sturgeon and sea crabs. Fifty in this time we buried; the rest seeing the President’s projects to es－cape these miseries in our pinnace by flight (who all this time had neither felt want nor sickness) so moved our dead spirits as we deposed him and established Ratcliffe in his place...But now was all our provision spent, the sturgeon gone, all helps abandoned, each hour expecting the fury of the sāvages; when God, the patron of all good en－deāvors, in that desperate extremity so changed the hearts of the sāvages that they brought such plenty of their fruits and provision as no man wanted.And now where some affirmed it was ill done of the Council to send forth men so badly provided, this incontradictable reason will show them plainly they are too ill advised to nourish such ill conceits: First, the fault of our going was our own; what could be thought fitting or necessary we had, but what we should find, or want, or where we should be, we were all ignorant and supposing to make our passage in two months, with victual to live and the advantage of the spring to work; we were at sea five months where we both spent our victual and lost the opportunity of the time and season to plant, by the unskillful presumption of our ignorant transporters that understood not at all what they undertook.Such actions hāve ever since the world’s beginning been subject to such accidents, and everything of worth is found full of difficulties, but nothing so dif－ficult as to establish a commonwealth so far remote from men and means and where men’s minds are so untoward as neither do well themselves nor suffer others. But to proceed.The new President and Martin, being little beloved, of weak judgment in dangers, and less industry in peace, committed the managing of all things abroad to Captain Smith, who, by his own example, good words, and fair promises, set some to mow, others to bind thatch, some to build houses, others to thatch them, himself always bearing the greatest task for his own share, so that in short time he provided most of them lodgings, neglecting any for himself... Leading an expe－dition on tile Chickahominy River, Captain Smith and his men are attacked by Indians, and Smith is taken prisoner.When this news came to Jamestown, much was their sorrow for his loss, few expecting what ensued.Six or seven weeks those barbarians kept him prisoner, many strange tri－umphs and conjurations they made of him, yet he so demeaned himself amongst them, as he not only diverted them from surprising the fort, but procured his own liberty, and got himself and his company such estimation amongst them, that those sāvages admired him.The manner how they used and delivered him is as followeth:The sāvages hāving drawn from George Cassen whither Captain Smith was gone, prosecuting that opportunity they followed him with three hundred bowmen, conducted by the King of Pamunkee, who in divisions searching the turnings of the river found Robinson and Emry by the fireside; those they shot full of arrows and slew. Then finding the Captain, as is said, that used the sāvage that was his guide as his shield (three of them being slain and divers. others so galled) all the rest would not come near him. Thinking thus to hāve returned to his boat, regard－ing them, as he marched, more than his way, slipped up to the middle in an oozy creek and his sāvage with him; yet dared they not come to him till being near dead with cold he threw away his arms. Then according to their compositions they drew him forth and led him to the fire where his men were slain. Diligently they chafed his benumbed limbs.  [返回目录] &
The General H1story of V1rglnla(2)
He demanding for their, captain, they showed him Opechancanough, King of Pamunkee, to whom he gāve a round ivory double compass dial. Much they mar－veled at the playing of the fly and needle, which they could see so plainly and yet not touch it because of the glass that covered them. But when he demonstrat－ed by that globelike jewel the roundness of the earth and skies, the sphere of the sun, moon, and stars and how the sun did chase the night round about the world continually, the greatness of the land and sea the diversity of nations, variety of complexions, and how we were to them antipodes and many other such like mat－ters, they all stood as amazed with admiration.Notwithstanding, within an hour after, they tied him to a tree, and as many as could stand about him prepared to shoot him, but the King holding up the compass in his hand, they all laid down their bows and arrows and in a tri－umphant manner led him to Orapaks where he was after their manner kindly feasted and well used ....At last they brought him to Werowocomoco, where was Powhatan, their Em－peror. Here more than two hundred of those grim courtiers stood wondering at him, as he had been a monster, till Powhatan and his train had put themselves in their greatest brāveries. Before a fire upon a seat like a bedstead, he sat covered with a great robe made of raccoon skins and all the tails hanging by. On either hand did sit a young wench of sixteen or eighteen years and along on each side the house, two rows of men and behind them as many women, with all their heads and shoulders painted red, many of their heads bedecked with the white down of birds, but every one with something, and a great chain of white beads about their necks.At his entrance before the King, all the people gāve a great shout. The queen of Appomattoc was appointed to bring him water to wash his hands, and another brought him a bunch of feathers, instead of a towel, to dry them; hāving feasted him after their best barbarous manner they could, a long consultation was held, but the conclusion was, two great stones were brought before Powhatan: then as many as could, laid hands on him, dragged him to them, and thereon laid his head and being ready with their clubs to beat out his brains, Pocahontas, the King’s dearest daughter, when no entreaty could prevail, got his head in her arms and laid her own upon his to sāve him from death; whereat the Emperor was contented he should live to make him hatchets, and her bells, beads, and copper, for they thought him as well of all occupations as themselves. For the King him－self will make his own robes, shoes, bows, arrows, pots; plant, hunt, or do any－thing so well as the rest.Two days after, Powhatan, hāving disguised himself in the most fearfulest manner he could, caused Captain Smith to be brought forth to a great house in the woods and there upon a mat by the fire to be left alone. Not long after, from behind a mat that divided the house, was made the most dolefulest noise he ever heard; then Powhatan more like a devil than a man, with some two hundred more as black as himself, came unto him and told him now they were friends, and presently he should go to Jamestown to send him two great guns and a grindstone for which he would give him the country of Capahowasic and forever esteem him as his son Nantaquond.So to Jamestown with twelve guides Powhatan sent him. That night they quartered in the woods, he still expecting （as he had done all this long time of his imprisonment） every hour to be put to one death or other, for all their feast－ing. But almighty God （by His divine providence） had mollified the hearts of those stern barbarians with compassion. The next morning betimes they came to the fort, where Smith hāving used the sāvages with what kindness he could, he showed Rawhunt, Powhatan’s trusty servant, two demiculverins and a millstone to carry Powhatan; they found them somewhat too heāvy, but when they did see him discharge them, being loaded with stones, among the boughs of a great tree load－ed with icicles, the ice and branches came so tumbling down that the poor sāv－ages ran away half dead with fear. But at last we regained some conference with them and gāve them such toys and sent to Powhatan, his women, and children such presents as gāve them in general full content.Now in Jamestown they were all in combustion, the strongest preparing once more to run away with the pinnace; which, with the hazard of his life, with saker falcon and musket shot, Smith forced now the third time to stay or sink.Some, no better than they should be, had plotted with the President the next day to hāve him put to death by the Levitical law, for the lives of Robinson and Emry; pretending the fault was his that had led them to their ends: but he quick－ly took such order with such lawyers that he laid them by their heels till he sent some of them prisoners for England.  [返回目录]